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Coverage and Risk

Insurance

Start with association coverage, unit-owner coverage or the rules that apply in Washington.

HOA master insurance policy binder with policy papers and a magnifying glass on a desk.

National Risk and Market Context

94%

Destroyed Properties Identified
with Severe or Extreme Wildfire Risk

03/06/25

400%

Condominium Insurance Increases

04/03/25

>$130B

2022 Global Insured Natural Disaster Losses

09/14/23

Association and Unit-Owner Coverage

Your association's insurance varies based on your declaration of covenants, conditions and restrictions (CC&Rs) and your state statutes. Washington and many other states require specific scope for property insurance that serves as primary in the event of a loss and for other types of insurance such as director and officer's (D&O) coverage. Notably, regardless of your state, individual units / homes are often responsible for paying in-unit claim deductibles.

An association's violation of its own governing documents to procure specific insurance coverage does not bind an insurance company to cover losses outside of the policy actually purchased / in force.

Your Guide to HO-6 Insurance

Condominium Insurance: One System with Multiple Policies

As a condo owner, your property is protected by two distinct insurance policies that work together:

1. Association Master Policies

Paid for by owner assessments, the master policy covers the infrastructure and common elements (roof, hallways, etc.). Washington law requires that the association's master policy is primary, but allows associations to assess owners up to the policy deductible which can vary between $5,000 to $250,000. Associations are legally responsible to ensure that both the common elements and units are restored following a loss.

Master Policy Coverage:

  • Property Coverage: For the common elements.
  • General Liability: For accidents and injuries within or from common elements.
  • Directors & Officers (D&O): Protects board members and management from torts for acts and omissions.
  • Crime/Fidelity: For theft of association funds.
  • Ordinance or Law: Covers costs of rebuilding to new codes.
  • Umbrella: Extra liability coverage.
  • Cyber Liability: For data breaches and online security incidents.

2. HO-6 "Walls In" Condominium Unit Policy

HO-6 is your individual unit policy that's designed to cover what the master policy does not, including your dwelling (Coverage A) up to the master policy deductible, your personal belongings, and personal liability.

HO-6 Coverage Types

Your interior, belongings, living expenses and liability: compare the protection and common gaps.

Review the HO-6 coverage descriptions and related examples.

Example Washington Insurance Coverage Explainer

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Want to know more? View our Insurance Explainer and What is an HO-6 Condo Insurance Policy? A Complete Guide

Dwelling (A)

Your interior walls and permanent improvements.

Covers your unit's interior structures. The amount you need depends on your association's master policy.

Washington law (RCW 64.90.470) requires the master policy to cover units, including improvements, unless the declaration states otherwise. For this reason, your dwelling coverage need not exceed the master policy deductible plus the cost of betterments and improvements (if excluded from policy coverage by your declaration).

RCW 64.90 (WUCIOA) will apply to all associations in WA as of 01/01/28.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
What it covers
Covers permanent improvements within the unit boundaries generally delineated by outside wall studs, the sub-floor and the ceiling
Common gap / deductible
Review declaration and master policy
Example

A damaged interior wall.

Personal Property (C)

Your belongings and the cost to replace them.

Covers belongings not attached to the unit (furniture, electronics, etc.). Aim for Replacement Cost coverage, which pays to buy new items, not their depreciated value. Standard coverage for certain items can be limited; see the Riders section for more.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
What it covers
Covers items that are not permanently attached to your Unit ceiling, floor and/or walls
Common gap / deductible
Certain types of personal property (e.g. fine art, jewelry, etc.) require a rider
Example

Furniture damaged in a fire.

Loss of Use (D)

Living expenses when a covered loss displaces you.

Helps pay for additional living expenses if a covered event makes your condo uninhabitable.

Important: Major repairs can take many months, or even years. Ensure your policy can cover long-term displacement.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
What it covers
Covers expenses such as hotel rooms and moving costs during a period of time when your Unit is uninhabitable
Common gap / deductible
Review declaration and master policy
Example

A hotel stay after a covered loss.

Personal Liability

Injuries or accidental damage to someone else’s property.

Protects you financially if someone is injured in your unit or if you accidentally damage another person's property. It can cover medical bills and legal fees.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
What it covers
Covers losses incurred by others resulting from your Unit
Common gap / deductible
Review declaration and master policy
Example

Accidental damage to another unit.

Loss Assessment

Your share of a covered association loss.

Loss assessment coverage protects you if your association issues a special assessment to all owners to cover a loss that exceeds or is excluded by the association's master policy.

Critical: Loss assessment coverage is not a substitute for Dwelling coverage.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
What it covers
Covers amounts specially assessed to individual Units based on a loss covered by a property's master insurance policy.
Common gap / deductible
Search loss assessment coverage to understand more. This coverage DOES NOT pay for dwelling and other aforementioned coverage types.
Example

A covered loss shared by owners.

Drain / Sewer / Water Backup

Backup water usually needs a separate rider.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
Common gap
Damage resulting from drain / sewer / water backups is almost always excluded from standard dwelling coverage
Coverage option
Owners can add a specific rider for these types of losses
Example

Water backing up through a drain.

Earth Movement & Earthquake

Earthquake protection has its own premium and deductible.

HO-6 "Walls-In" Coverage

Who pays?
See deductible responsibility reminders
Coverage option
This is always an additional type of coverage rider that can add significant additional expense
Deductible
If major earth movement and/or earthquake damage occurs, units/homes are typically assessed a portion of of the association's primary EM and/or EQ deductible which is often a percentage of the building value (e.g. 2%, etc.)
Example

Damage after an earthquake.

Loss Assessment Covers This:

  • A fire causes damage exceeding the master policy limit. The shortfall is charged to owners as a common expense. Your loss assessment coverage helps pay your share.

There's No Coverage for This:

  • The roof is old and needs replacement due to wear and tear. An assessment for this planned maintenance is not a covered loss and would not be paid by your policy.

Loss Assessment: Two Examples

  • ONE: The common roof is in disrepair. The cost to repair it is beyond the available reserve funds. The association issues a special assessment to pay for the repairs. There is no insurance for "we failed to contribute adequately to our reserve fund" except selling your property before the assessment.
  • TWO: The common roof gets blown off (this is called a loss). Your association's insurance pays for part, but not all of the roof repair and replacement. The association issues a special assessment. Your H06 policy loss assessment coverage pays up to your loss assessment limit.

Common Insurance Endorsements and Riders

Backup water, mold, earthquakes and valuables: check the exclusions that need extra protection.

Homeowners almost always need to purchase riders for the following:

  • Drain, Sewer, & Water Backup - Damage from backed-up water is almost always excluded and requires a specific rider.
    Example

    A drain backs up into your unit.

  • Mold & Fungus (Bacterial Growth) - Standard policies often exclude or limit coverage for mold, especially if it results from long-term leaks or poor maintenance. An endorsement can cover remediation and repair costs.
    Example

    Mold repairs after a leak.

  • Earth Movement & Earthquake - This is a standard exclusion and must be added separately, often at a significant cost.
    Example

    Earthquake damage to your home.

  • Valuables, Fine Art, & Electronics - Standard policies have low coverage limits for items like jewelry, art, and portable electronics. A rider can provide full replacement value.
    Example

    A valuable piece of jewelry.

  • Equipment Breakdown - Protects appliances and personal electronics (cameras, computers, phones, TVs, etc.) from accidental damage and loss.
    Example

    Accidental damage to a computer.

  • Personal Injury (Libel & Slander) - Protects against lawsuits for defamation (written or spoken), which are not covered by standard liability. In the age of social media, parents can be held liable for their children's online actions.
    Example

    A defamation claim over an online post.

How Insurer Terminology Can Differ

How Insurer Terminology Can Differ

Safeco HO-6 Policies

Terminology and coverage differ between insurers. For example, Safeco HO-6 policies cover you differently depending on when your initial policy was issued.

Policies Issued Before 01/18/25

  • Dwelling coverage is automatically set at 10% of Coverage C (Personal Property).
  • The Optimum Package Endorsement increases Dwelling coverage to 100% of Coverage C.
  • These "legacy" policies do not have Coverage L and use prior naming conventions.

New Policies Issued After 01/18/25

(Does not apply to renewals of older policies)

  • Policies should include Coverage L for "Condo Building Items."
  • Even if Coverage L is absent, a base of 10% of Coverage C still applies for Dwelling coverage by default.

This guide is for informational purposes only and incorporates context from Washington State law. Always consult your association's governing documents and your insurance agent to understand the specifics of your policy.

Association Coverage

Association Coverage, Deductibles and Case Law

Master Policy Coverage: Evidence / Declarations | HUB Brokerage Insurance Overview

What Insurance Coverage Does My Association Carry?

The Damage / Loss Flow Chart below is one example applicable condominium communities. Your governing documents may have different requirements.

Multi-family Property Insurance Reminders

1) unit owners/homeowners are almost always responsible for in-unit/home losses up to the association's primary insurance deductible

IF something in Unit X causes a loss, Unit X is probably responsible for costs up to the association's primary insurance deductible

2) except for #1, responsible parties for losses within a deductible limit are generally in proportion to the areas damaged

3) governing documents typically require owners to carry insurance that covers any potential deductibles and loss assessments for ANY insurance coverage held by the Association including optional coverage such as earthquake and earth movement

4) While a Board often has discretion to file claim, the responsibility to restore a loss is governed by statute and your declaration.

  • Unit owners / homeowners are generally NOT required to wait for their association to "manage" losses within their unit.

Does your association monitor and enforce owners' insurance requirements? This is a commonly overlooked risk.

Does your Declaration + Master Policy: include or exclude equipment, improvements, and betterments within units?


Does Your Association’s Insurance Match the Requirements of Your Declaration / CC&Rs?

Learn more about preventing water losses on our Plumbing Page

Example Damage / Loss Flow Chart

Example Damage / Loss Flow Chart

EXAMPLE DAMAGE / LOSS FLOW CHART

Learn how Volunteers Are (NOT) Covered

Negligence and Deductible Responsibility

Negligence and Deductible Responsibility

Understand the difference between gross negligence / willful misconduct and ordinary negligence.

Statutory provisions in some states extend owners' liability beyond insurance deductible limits.

Risk and Market

Understanding the Insurance Market

Understanding the Insurance Market

The United States property insurance market has hardened significantly over the past decade.

A "hardening" market means two things: 1) insuring property is more expensive and 2) generally fewer carriers available to insure property.

Colorado: Toolkit for Homeowners and HOAs on Insurance

Four primary drivers of increased property insurance premiums:

  1. Catastrophic and other losses due to climate change
  2. Construction costs
  3. Excessive litigation
  4. Reinsurance rates

Risk Tools

Example Seismic Probable Loss Study

Washington Documents

Coverage explanations, declaration language and volunteer references.

Workers’ Compensation: Jobs and Risk Classes

Washington State: Workers’ Compensation Coverage

What type of job is the employee going to perform? [These are examples from Washington State]

If they are performing jobs that are maintaining or repairing the existing property, such as replacing windows, plumbing, flooring, or repainting, you would report them in 4905(Motels and Hotels) or 4910(Property and Building Management Services). See below.Washington State Risk Class Lookup

If they are performing jobs adding new construction or altering the interior of an existing building from an earlier condition (remodeling), or enlarging an existing structure by building and attaching rooms (new addition), you would report them in the applicable construction classification. See examples below.

Examples

  • Windows: Replacing one or all windows in a building for weatherization purposes is considered general maintenance and repair, reportable in 4905 or 4910.
  • Painting: Repainting the interior or exterior of a building, whether it’s part or all of the building, is considered general maintenance and repair and is reportable in 4905 or 4910.
  • Flooring covering: Replacing flooring in a building, whether you are replacing the old flooring with the same type or a different type (changing from vinyl to hardwood), is considered general maintenance and repair, reportable in 4905 or 4910.
  • Roofing: Re-roofing a building, whether you’re replacing a small section of the roof or the entire roof, and regardless of whether you’re replacing with the same type of material, is considered general maintenance and repair, reportable in 4905 or 4910.

  • Maintenance and repair: Bringing something back to its original state or functionality. An apartment complex has a set of stairs in need of repairs. Tearing out the old stairs and replacing them with new stairs would be considered maintenance and repair. This would be reportable in risk classification 4910.
  • Improvements: An apartment complex decides to install a sprinkler system (inside or outside) on the premises. The installation of the sprinkler system would be considered an improvement to the property, and this work would be reportable in the applicable construction classifications. Repairing an existing sprinkler system is considered maintenance and reportable in 4910.

  • New Construction: An apartment complex owner wants to build an outbuilding on the property for their landscaping tools. They are building something that does not currently exist. This work would be reportable in the applicable construction classifications.
  • Alteration: A property management company wants to add some interior walls in an apartment of one of their complexes. The walls did not exist previously and they are changing something that currently exists into something different. This work would be reportable in the applicable construction classifications.

Special Note

Construction contractors who own and manage their own rental properties must report all construction, maintenance and repair activities in the applicable construction classification for workers preparing properties for initial occupancy or to sell. When properties are ready for occupancy, any future maintenance and ordinary repairs performed by the construction contractor’s workers may be reported in 4910, if applicable.

  • Preoccupancy clean-up may be reported in 6602.
  • Employees who only perform clerical duties are to be reported separately in classification 4904.
  • Employees who perform sales duties such as collecting rents, showing and advertising the facility, conducting auctions, or a combination of clerical and sales duties are to be reported separately in classification 6303.

Articles and Reference

Key Terms and Coverages

Key Terms & Coverages

Key Terms / Insurance Coverages

Business insurance is a general term that includes a gamut of different coverages.

General Liability insurance covers certain types of bodily injury and other liabilities. Many General Liability policies include $5,000 of no-fault liability coverage where the insurance carrier pays up to $5,000 without the need for litigation.

Workers' Compensation insurance often excludes volunteers. Five states (North Dakota, Ohio, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming) run their own programs for workers' comp coverage. Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) does not offer coverage for volunteers.

Many CICs do not realize that they possess little to no insurance coverage for bodily injuries incurred by their volunteers.

READ: What Is Not Covered by a D&O Insurance Policy?

READ: Does my Association Really Need D&O Liability Insurance?


Washington State Administrative Code (WAC) clarifies statutes related to workers' compensation and risk classifications.

Condominium and HOA employees are generally included with either Classification 4904 (clerical) OR the much broader (more expensive) Classification 4910 (property management services).

WA State L&I also tracks hourly wage rates for specific risk classifications that may receive alternative forms of non cash-compensation.2022's average wage for class 4910 = $33.50/hour.

Notably, according to WAC 296-17-31018(4), many classifications (incl. 4910) exclude coverage for alterations and new construction.

Alterations are changes made to a building during its remodeling, such as increasing or reducing floor area, making or closing openings, erecting or demolishing walls, etc.

WA Employers' Guide to Workers' Compensation Insurance

Insurance Articles

Insurance Articles

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