Insurance

Each Unit Owner shall obtain and maintain an individual insurance policy which provides coverage for the Owner’s Unit (in an amount at least equal to the Association’s deductible) and personal belongings therein, and, to the extent reasonably available:

• A) Loss of use, loss of rental income, and loss Assessment exposures;
• B) Comprehensive Personal Liability coverage for any damage to other Units or Common or Limited Common Elements arising or resulting from the Owner’s negligence, carelessness, or acts or omissions, or from damage caused by fixtures or appliances maintained by the Owner; and
• C) The minimum Real Property coverage for an Owner policy shall not be less than the amount of the deductible for the Association’s policy of Property insurance, or any greater amounts as may be established by the Board.
• D) The minimum Loss Assessment coverage shall be the amount of the deductible for the Association’s policy of Property insurance.
• E) The Association may choose to purchase earthquake insurance for the Condominium. If it does, the Board may choose to require all owner’s to purchase earthquake insurance to cover the deductible under the Association’s policy that relates to their Unit.
• F) The Owner or Commercial Tenant of each Commercial Unit shall obtain and maintain property insurance covering all trade fixtures, equipment, appliances and improvements within the Commercial Unit made by any Commercial Owner or Commercial Tenant.
• G) The failure of an Owner to purchase insurance required under the Declaration does not reduce that Owner’s obligation to pay for amounts within the Association’s policy’s deductible, or any other amount for which the Owner is responsible under the Declaration.

Unit Owners shall file a certificate of insurance for such individual policy or policies with the Board within thirty (30) days of any request by the Board. The Association shall have the right but not the obligation to monitor the maintenance of such insurance by Owners, and shall further have the right, but not the obligation, to obtain such insurance if the Owner or User fails to obtain or maintain the same and to levy a special assessment for the expense against the Unit(s) of the Owner(s) related to such Common Expense.

The Association’s obligation to insure shall not relieve Unit Owners of their obligations under any other Article of the Declaration, including, but not limited to, the obligation to perform and pay for repairs, maintenance, care and replacement of the Unit and/or Limited Common Elements for which the Owner is responsible.

Unit Owners shall require any Tenants, Related Parties, or other Occupants to obtain Renter’s Insurance to protect their personal property, provide for loss of use, and to provide general liability insurance for acts and omissions by the Occupants and their guests, agents, pets and invitees.

Under no circumstances shall the Association pay any insurance deductible due under a Unit Owner’s individual insurance policy or any Tenant’s or Occupant’s policy of insurance.

The Board may require a Unit Owner to file a claim under the Owner’s policy if the Owner is responsible for damage and has not otherwise paid their obligations for the necessary repairs.

If, due to the act or neglect of a Unit Owner, Residential User or Commercial User, damage shall be caused to the Common Elements and facilities or to a Unit or Units owned by others, or maintenance, repairs or replacements shall be required which would otherwise be a common expense, then such responsible Unit Owner shall pay for such damage and such maintenance, repairs and replacements as may be determined by the Association, to the extent not covered by the Association’s insurance.

In accordance with the provisions of this Declaration, including but not limited to the subparagraphs of this section, the costs for repair or damage events are apportioned as follows:

For damage events that are covered by the Association’s insurance, repair costs over the Association’s standard insurance deductible are paid for by Association insurance, or by the Association if the Board decides not to file a claim. Repair costs within the Association’s standard insurance deductible are the responsibility of the Unit Owner and are allocated:

• (a) to the Owner if the damage resulted from neglect or misconduct of the Owner, the Owner’s Tenants or Occupants, or any of the Owner’s, Tenant’s, or Occupant’s guests, invitees, visitors, agents, or pets;
• (b) if there is no neglect or misconduct, then to an Owner, if the damage resulted from any vehicle, equipment, appliance or fixture (or wiring or pipes related thereto) within the Owner’s Unit or belonging to the Owner, the Owner’s Occupants or Tenants, or any of the Owner’s, Tenant’s, or Occupant’s guests, invitees, visitors, or agents;
• (c) if neither (a) nor (b) apply, then to an Owner whose Units or Limited Common Elements were damaged or benefited by the repairs;
• (d) if the damage is to more than one Unit and/or the Common or Limited Common Elements, and neither (a) nor (b) apply, the deductible is prorated between the Unit(s) and/or Common or Limited Common Elements based on the total benefit to each, as follows: (i) repairs to Units and Limited Common Elements that benefit only one Unit will be assessed solely to the individual Unit Owners; (ii) repairs to Limited Common Elements that benefit more than one Unit will be assessed to the Unit Owners benefitted; and (iii) repairs to Common Elements will be assessed as Common Expenses, divided among Owners in accordance with the formula specified for other Common Expenses.

For damage events that are not covered by the Association’s insurance, repair costs shall be assessed:

• (a) to the Owner if the damage resulted from neglect or misconduct of the Owner, a Related Party, the Owner’s Tenants or Occupants, or any of the Owner’s, Tenant’s, or Occupant’s guests, invitees, visitors, agents, or pets;
• (b) if there is no neglect or misconduct, then to an Owner, if the damage resulted from any vehicle, equipment, appliance or fixture (or wiring or pipes related thereto) within the Owner’s Unit or belonging to the Owner, the Owner’s Occupants or Tenants, or any of the Owner’s, Tenant’s, or Occupant’s guests, invitees, visitors, or agents;
• (c) if neither (a) nor (b) apply, then to an Owner whose Units or Limited Common Elements were damaged or benefited by the repairs; or
• (d) to the extent that the damage to the Property is not insured, and not the responsibility of an individual as noted above, then the Association shall restore all Common Elements and Limited Common Elements as a common expense, and Owners shall restore their Units at their own expense.

Except to the extent covered by an Owner’s or Tenant’s insurance policy, the maximum one Unit can be assessed for any one damage event is the deductible under the Association’s standard Property policy. Amounts within deductibles for earthquake or flood damage in excess of the standard Property deductible, combined with contributions required of Owners as provided for in this Declaration, shall be a common expense. This maximum shall not apply to Owners who cause damage through negligence or misconduct, or for their responsibility for equipment failure.

Except to the extent covered by insurance obtained by the Association, or negligence on the part of the Association, neither the Association nor the Board shall be liable for: any failure of any utility or other service to be obtained and paid for by the Association; or for injury or damage to persons or property caused by the elements, or resulting from electricity, noise, smoke, water, rain (or other liquid), dust or sand which may leak or flow from outside or from any parts of the buildings, or from any of its pipes, drains, conduits, appliances, or equipment, or from any other place; for damage or injury alleged as a result of mold or other microorganisms; or for inconvenience or discomfort resulting from any action taken to comply with any law, ordinance or orders of a governmental authority. No diminution or abatement of Common Expense Assessments shall be claimed or allowed for any such utility failure or water leak, or for such injury or damage, or for such inconvenience or discomfort.

Except to the extent covered by insurance obtained by the Association, or negligence on the part of the Association, the Association is not responsible for loss of use of a Unit, nor for loss of rental income for a Unit. The Association is not responsible to provide for the safety or security of persons or property at the Condominium. The Association is not responsible to move or store personal property of owners or occupants because of any casualty event, or as needed to accommodate repairs to common elements.

Owners are responsible to relocate and store their personal property if required to allow for the repair, restoration or replacement of any common element or any other work for which the Association is responsible. Except to the extent covered by insurance obtained by the Association, or negligence on the part of the Association, if a Unit must be vacated to allow for repair, restoration or replacement, the Owner is responsible for alternative housing accommodations for any occupants of the Unit. There shall be no contribution by the Association for any costs or inconvenience to occupants incurred as a result of the Association carrying out its obligations to maintain and repair the property.

Each Unit includes:

4.3.1 The paneling, tiles, wallpaper, paint, finished flooring, and any other materials constituting any part of the finished surfaces thereof.

4.3.2 The outlets of any utility service lines such as water, sewage, gas or electricity and ventilating ducts within the Unit;

4.3.3 Electrical panels, lights, fans, outlets, switches and any other electrical fixture in or connected to the Unit are part of the Unit. (Wires inside the walls and floors serving only one Unit are Limited Common Elements assigned to the Unit.)

4.3.4 Valves, drains, traps, supply lines, wax rings, and other plumbing fixtures in or connected to the Unit are part of the Unit. (Pipes inside the walls and floors serving only one Unit are Limited Common Elements assigned to the Unit.)

Each Unit Owner shall be responsible for the maintenance, repair or replacement of plumbing lines, hoses and fixtures, water heaters, fans, heating, cooling, or other equipment, fireplace flues (including required inspections and cleaning) and electrical fixtures or appliances which may be in, or are part of, or serve only the Unit (including HVAC condensers located outside the boundaries of a Unit).

Owners are responsible for the maintenance and repair of water pipes, drains, and wires which are within or serve only their Unit. Included in the Owner’s responsibility are: shower valves; shutoff valves; toilet wax rings; supply lines and drains under sinks; and shower and tub drains and overflows, including the traps. See Exhibit E for more detail Owner responsibility for maintenance, repair and replacement of building components. If a clogged pipe only affects one Unit, it is assumed to serve only that Unit, and the cost to clear the pipe is either a Limited Common Expense for the unit, or an expense that only benefits that Unit. Water supply pipes downstream from the shutoff valve serving the Unit are Limited Common Elements and the responsibility of the Owner as further described in Exhibit E.

Upon prior Notice, except in case of an emergency, each Unit Owner must afford to the Association, and to its agents or employees, access into and through that Owner's Unit and Limited Common Elements reasonably necessary for maintenance and repair of the property, including necessary inspections by the Association. The Board and its agents may enter any Unit or Limited Common Elements appurtenant thereto when the Board deems necessary in connection with any inspection, maintenance, repair, landscaping or construction carried out by the Board, in the event of an emergency, or in connection with any maintenance or other necessary repairs, replacement, construction, or other activity for which the Unit Owner is responsible but has failed to perform.

In furtherance of the foregoing, the Association shall have the right at all times to possess such keys, lock combinations, alarm codes and/or instruments of access as are necessary to gain immediate access to all Units. Owners must provide keys or other means of access within ten (10) business days of a request by the Association or its Managing Agent.

Such entry shall be made with as little inconvenience to the Owner and/or Occupant as practicable. Except in emergencies, Notice shall be provided at least five (5) business days in advance, and shall be posted on the door to the Unit at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance of entry.

The Association shall maintain complete records of all inspections, maintenance, repairs and replacements done by it or its agents or contractors with respect to the Common Elements, Limited Common Elements or Units. Any damage caused to a Unit or Limited Common Element due to the aforementioned activities shall be repaired by the Association as a Common Expense.

Each Owner shall provide the Association access into their Unit for compliance with this Section. Common expenses incurred due to an Owner’s failure to provide access will be assessed to the Unit.

• a) If damage is inflicted on the Common Elements or on any Unit through which access is taken, the Unit Owner responsible for the damage, or the Association if it is responsible, is liable for the prompt repair of the damage.
• b) If an Owner or other occupant is displaced due to fire, damage, or necessary repairs to the condominium, the Association has no liability for the cost of moving, storage, or alternative housing. These are risks that each owner can insure themselves for. If an Owner refuses to remove the occupants or contents of a Unit when necessary for the Association to perform its work, any costs incurred by the Association for the removal or protection of persons or contents shall be assessed against the Owner and the Unit.

WAC 296-17A-6901 - Classification 6901

6901-00 Volunteers

Applies to the medical aid coverage for volunteers of state agencies, municipal corporations, political subdivisions, or private nonprofit charitable organizations. Medical aid coverage is mandatory for volunteers of state agencies. Medical aid coverage is optional for volunteers of city, county, town, special district, municipal corporations, political subdivisions, or nonprofit charitable organizations.

This classification excludes student volunteers of private sector employers who are to be reported separately in classification 6901-01; volunteer law enforcement officers of cities, towns, counties and taxing districts for whom medical aid only coverage has been elected who are to be reported separately in classification 6906; and volunteer law enforcement officers of cities, towns, counties, or Native American tribal councils for whom full coverage has been elected who are to be reported separately in classification 6905.

Special note: To elect coverage for volunteers, employers or charitable organizations must submit a completed Application for Optional Coverage to the department. Conditions of coverage are outlined on the application. State Fund workers' compensation is not provided to volunteer firemen covered by chapter 41.24 RCW and emergency services workers covered by chapter 38.52 RCW.

1. A volunteer is a person who donates labor to another by his or her own free choice without receiving material or monetary or other value in exchange.

The business or organization may provide volunteers with maintenance and reimbursement for actual expenses necessarily incurred. “Maintenance” includes things such as meals and transient sleeping quarters incurred while performing assigned or authorized volunteer duties. However, if a person receives any type of material or monetary or other value in excess of the expenses, he or she may be considered a covered worker.

If a business or organization claims someone as a volunteer and pays the person a “stipend,” the amount paid and its relation to the work performed must be evaluated to determine whether it is maintenance and reimbursement or is value or compensation for labor provided.

Gifts of appreciation do not transform a volunteer into a worker and must be evaluated to determine whether they are maintenance or reimbursement, a token of appreciation, or compensation for labor provided.

Unpaid job training received with the promise of a future paid job with a specific employer is considered value in exchange for work performed. The trainee is a covered worker. Exception: If the job training is performed by a student volunteer or unpaid student in a school-approved program, the training is not considered covered work and elective volunteer coverage may be available. See policy point #7.

True “volunteers” fall outside Title 51 with two exceptions:

• those under the medical aid only section (RCW 51.12.035) and
• those whose employers can and do elect to cover the volunteer, (such as student volunteers and/or unpaid students as mentioned in RCW 51.12.170).

2. An employer may not elect either full coverage or “volunteer coverage” unless such elective coverage is provided for in Title 51.

3. For-profit businesses are generally presumed not to have volunteers.

In some limited circumstances, the department may recognize an individual as a volunteer when the business can show:

• Both parties intended volunteer status in advance of the work, and
• No remuneration is offered beyond maintenance and reimbursement expenses as described above policy point #1) above, and
• The work is similarly advantageous to both the business and the worker volunteer such as in circumstances where goodwill is being provided by the worker in an emergency on a temporary basis,1 and
• The volunteer is not a member of a vulnerable or penal population. Examples of persons from a vulnerable or penal population include, but are not limited to:
  • Members of a work release population;
  • Persons in substance abuse treatment;
  • Economically disadvantaged individuals who are long-term jobless or homeless.

Volunteer status at for-profit businesses can include situations such as:

• Adult family members related by blood within the third degree or marriage2 working at a family business in emergency situations on a temporary basis;
• Work that constitutes a hobby activity;
• Limited work that constitutes a grant of professional or personal goodwill, such as a close family friend who volunteers to assist in a small grocery store for a short time while the owner's spouse is sick.

NOTE: Each situation will be reviewed in full context of relevant facts to determine status.

¹ Other employment and wage laws may or may not recognize volunteers at for-profit enterprises.

² See analogous language in RCW 51.12.020. This language includes a person and that person?s spouse, children, grandchildren, great grandchildren, brothers and sisters, nephews and nieces, parents, grandparents, great grandparents, and aunts and uncles. Cousins are not related by blood within the third degree. Legal adoptions or step relatives are considered as if genetically related.

4. Workers' compensation coverage is not available to volunteers of for-profit businesses except as described in policy point #7.

5. State government agencies must provide their registered volunteers with “volunteer coverage,” which provides medical benefits only.

Exception: Workers' compensation coverage for volunteer emergency services workers is not available. The Department of Emergency Services administers these volunteer
activities, which can include, but are not limited to:

• mountain search and rescue,
• explorer scout trackers,
• clean-up after volcanic eruptions, and
• sandbagging during floods.

The local jurisdiction, usually the sheriff's office, registers these volunteers and typically issues an identification card to the emergency worker volunteer.

6. Other government agencies for any city, county, town, special district (such as a public utility district or PUD), municipal corporation or any other political subdivision may elect to provide their registered volunteers with “volunteer coverage,” which provides medical benefits only:

Exceptions: 6a. Agencies cannot elect coverage for volunteer firefighters which includes fire fighters and emergency medical technicians who support firefighting activities. These volunteers are covered under the Volunteer Firemen’s Relief and Pension Fund.

6b. Agencies cannot elect coverage for registered emergency worker volunteers in policy point #5.

6c. Law enforcement agencies may elect either full coverage, reported in classification 6905, or “volunteer coverage”, reported in classification 6906, for their non-clerical law enforcement volunteers. These agencies must cover all their law enforcement volunteers with the same type of coverage.

7. Certain employers may elect “volunteer coverage” for qualifying student volunteers or unpaid students.

The entity receiving the service is the employer, who may elect volunteer coverage, and is responsible for premiums (Classification 6901).

Distinction between student volunteers and unpaid students:

Student volunteers are:

• Currently enrolled in school or higher education, and
• Receiving no wages for the services, and
• Participating in a program approved or sponsored by their school.

Unpaid students are:

• Currently enrolled in an institution of higher education (beyond K-12), and
• Participating in a school-sponsored, unpaid work-based learning program, including, but not limited to, cooperative education, clinical experiences, or internship programs, and
• Receiving something of educational value from the school, such as credit or other educational value (such as completion of clinical hours) in return for the services they provide for the employer.

Example of an unpaid student, eligible for elective volunteer coverage:

Janet is a student enrolled in the veterinary assistant program at community college. To complete the course of study and receive her degree, the school requires her to complete 100 hours of clinical experience with a veterinarian. Dr. Brown is a veterinarian and has agreed to allow Janet to work in his veterinary business to earn the needed 100 hours of experience. Janet is not paid for her work for Dr. Brown. The work at Dr. Brown's veterinary clinic is approved by Janet's school. Janet qualifies as an unpaid student under this rule. Dr. Brown is her employer, and may elect medical aid only coverage for Janet.

8. A private, non-profit charity may elect to provide its registered volunteers with “volunteer coverage.”

To be considered a private non-profit charity, an organization must demonstrate that it qualifies under Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules as a 501(c)(3) exempt organization. Under IRS rules, churches automatically qualify. All other non-profit charities should have a letter from the IRS saying they qualify.

9. Workers' compensation coverage is not available for volunteers of non-profit organizations that are not charitable organizations as defined by relevant IRS rules except as described in policy point #7. Examples of entities that may not meet the IRS definition of charitable organizations may include:

• Homeowner’s associations
• Chambers of Commerce
• Fraternal organizations and clubs, such as the Eagles, Elks, Lions, Mountaineers, and Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW).

10. An employer who qualifies under policy points 5, 6, or 7 may elect “volunteer coverage”.

If a qualified employer chooses to elect “volunteer coverage”, it must:

• Submit a completed “Application for Elective Coverage of Excluded Employments” form to the department. The effective date of coverage will begin at 12:01 a.m. on the day after the department receives the request unless a later date is requested.
• Notify its volunteers that the employer is electing coverage.
• Cover all its volunteers and report all their hours.

11. All employers reporting volunteer coverage in classifications 6901 or 6906, may choose a reporting method of either 100 hours per volunteer per calendar year (100-hour cap method), or actual hours worked.

Starting June 9, 2016, employers with volunteer coverage may notify the department in writing that they choose to report 100 hours per volunteer per calendar year rather than reporting actual hours.

Starting January 1, 2017, employers will choose which reporting method they want when filing their first quarterly report of the year. They must report all volunteers using the same method for the calendar year. If an employer hires additional volunteer(s) in a subsequent quarter, the employer must report the additional volunteer(s) in the next quarter after hiring using the same election method (100 hours or actual hours) for all additional volunteers hired.

NOTE: Employers may choose to change their reporting method each calendar year. If no choice is made, the default reporting method is actual hours.

12. Employers who have elected volunteer coverage for qualified volunteers may cancel the coverage by notifying the department in writing.

The employer must notify its volunteers that coverage is being cancelled.

The cancellation is effective 30 days after the department receives written notice of cancellation.

Any city, county, school district, municipal corporation or any other political subdivision, or private nonprofit charitable organization electing to insure volunteers under the authority of RCW 51.12.035 as now or hereafter amended shall give notice in writing on a form prescribed by the department. Any employer having elected to insure volunteers shall maintain office records of all hours of work performed by volunteers. Such office records shall include notice in writing as a registration of each person who has volunteered and has been accepted by the employer to perform work as a volunteer. A report of such hours will be included with the employer's regular quarterly report of payroll as prescribed by the department, and will include payment for the premium based on such hours and at such rates per hour as assigned by the department.

https://lni.wa.gov/forms-publications/F213-023-000.pdf ~ info from link pasted below

A volunteer is a person who donates labor to another by his or her own free choice. Generally, the volunteer doesn’t receive anything of value in exchange for the service — not money, trade of products or services, or anything else of monetary value.

When is a volunteer a “covered worker”?

If a volunteer receives something of monetary value in exchange for work, he or she is probably a “covered worker” who is entitled by law to workers’ compensation insurance coverage.

Maintenance and reimbursed expenses
Your business or organization may provide volunteers with maintenance and reimbursement for necessary actual expenses. “Maintenance” includes things such as meals and transient sleeping quarters while performing assigned or authorized volunteer duties. However, if a person receives any type of money or other value in excess of the expenses, he or she may be considered a covered worker.

Stipends
If your business or organization claims someone as a volunteer and pays the person a stipend, the amount paid and its relation to the work performed must be evaluated to determine whether it is maintenance and reimbursement or is compensation for labor provided.

Gifts of appreciation
Gifts of appreciation do not transform a volunteer into a worker, and must be evaluated to determine whether they are maintenance or reimbursement, a token of appreciation, or compensation for labor provided.

Unpaid job training
Unpaid job training received with the promise of a future paid job with a specific employer not in connection with a school-approved program is considered value in exchange for work performed.

If you have questions about volunteer status, contact our Workers' Comp Coverage Determinations Unit at Determinations@Lni.wa.gov or 509-324-2627 for a determination of coverage.

Note: Each situation will be reviewed in full context of the relevant facts to determine status. If workers do not meet the criteria above, they are presumed to be employees. In addition to workers' compensation insurance coverage requirements, other employer requirements such as minimum wage, unemployment insurance, social security, and Medicare may apply.

Volunteers (Washington L&I) ~ info from link pasted below

In Washington, some organizations may choose to purchase volunteer coverage, or workers’ compensation coverage for medical costs only. Volunteer coverage does not include the other usual benefits of workers’ compensation, such as wage replacement, vocational and retraining costs, permanent partial disability payments, or death benefits.

Organizations that may elect to buy volunteer coverage (medical only) include:

• Cities, counties, towns, special districts (such as public utility districts), municipal corporations, or other political subdivisions
• Employers with student volunteers enrolled in public and private K–12 schools and schools of higher education. For more details, see Student volunteers, unpaid students and workers' compensation coverage or our Student Volunteers and Workers' Compensation Coverage fact sheet (F213-023-000).
• Private non-profit charities that are able to demonstrate they qualify under Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules as a 501(c)(3) exempt organization.

Exceptions:

• State government agencies must provide their registered volunteers with volunteer coverage.
• Volunteer firefighters are covered under the Volunteer Fireman’s Relief and Pension Fund.
• Law enforcement agencies may choose full coverage or medical-only volunteer coverage. All volunteers must be covered with the same type of coverage.

To elect volunteer coverage, you must submit an Application for Elective Coverage of Excluded Employment form (F213-112-000). Coverage starts at 12:01 a.m. the day after we receive your completed form, or you may choose a future effective date.

If your business or organization elects to cover volunteers, you must:

• Cover all your volunteers and notify them of coverage.
• Choose whether to report all volunteers based on actual hours or based on 100 hours per volunteer per calendar year.
• Report and pay premiums for either all volunteer hours worked, or for 100 hours per volunteer per calendar year.
• Create auditable records of all volunteers and keep these records for 3 full calendar years. Records must include:
  • Names and Social Security numbers.
  • Registration and acceptance of each person as a volunteer for your organization.
  • Beginning and end date of volunteer service.
  • Applicable risk classifications (likely 6901 or 6906).
  • Actual hours worked, or your decision to report 100 hours per volunteer per calendar year.
  • For student volunteers and unpaid students:
    • Proof of registration showing the student's current enrollment in school or an institution of higher education.
    • Authorization from the school or institution of higher education for the student's participation in the school's volunteer or unpaid work-based learning program.

If your business or organization chooses to cancel volunteer coverage, you must notify all volunteers that you are cancelling coverage. The cancellation is effective 30 days after we receive your written notice of cancellation.

To cancel volunteer coverage, you may use the Cancellation of Elective Coverage for Excluded Employments form (F213-005-000) or another written form of notification.

State government agencies must provide their registered volunteers with “volunteer coverage.”

Exception: Workers’ compensation coverage for volunteer emergency services workers is not available. The Department of Emergency Services administers these volunteer activities, which include but are not limited to:

• Mountain search and rescue
• Explorer scout trackers
• Clean up after volcanic eruptions
• Sandbagging during floods

The local jurisdiction, usually the sheriff’s office, registers these volunteers and typically issues an identification card to the emergency worker volunteer.